Spatio-temporal study of water quality variables in the Rio de Ondas Hydrographic Basin, west of Bahia, Brazil using...

Water bodies are containers that receive a large load of water quality variables through the release of domestic, industrial, and agricultural effluents. With this focus, this work aimed to conduct a temporal-spatial variability study in the Rio de Ondas Hydrographic Basin through multivariate statistical analysis. For this, seventeen collection sites were established in four stations along the Rio de Ondas and its tributaries between 2017 and 2018. Ionic chromatography with suppressed conductivity was used for ions determination, while ICP-OES determined metals' total concentrations. The land use and occupation assessment between 1985 and 2021 was using data from MapBiomas were used and the descriptive and multivariate analysis of the data using version free of the Statistica software. The results showed that, in 30 years, there was a growth of 569% of agricultural activities in the watershed area, with significant suppression of native vegetation, favoring the transport of contaminants to rivers. Ca²⁺, PO₄^2-, Al, Cu, and Zn concentrations showed a statistically significant difference between the seasons, with higher medians in the rainy season. Rainy season influenced the formation of three groups in the PCA, consisting of electrical conductivity, salinity, TDS, and PO₄^2- (group 1); temperature, Fe, SO₄^2-, and Cl^- (group 2); and Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and HCO₃^- (group 3). The strong correlation between parameters of each group indicates anthropic influence on the watershed's water quality. However, levels are within the potability standard.