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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Vertebral pattern and morphology is determined during embryonic segmentation.

Kevin M Serra1, Christina Vyzas1, Sarah Shehreen1

  • 1Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|September 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic segment border disruptions cause lasting vertebral defects in adult zebrafish. These findings reveal how early developmental segmentation patterns dictate adult spinal and rib morphology.

Keywords:
Tbx6centrascoliosissomitesspinevertebra

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Zebrafish Embryogenesis
  • Vertebral Column Development

Background:

  • The adult vertebral column's segmentation originates from paraxial mesoderm segmentation during embryogenesis.
  • Embryonic segmentation disruptions, from genetic or environmental factors, lead to adult vertebral pathologies.
  • Mechanisms connecting embryonic segmentation to adult vertebral morphology remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between embryonic segment border formation and adult vertebral morphology.
  • To understand how disruptions in early segmentation impact the development of the vertebral column.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of embryonic segment border defects in zebrafish using heat stress and misregulation of segmentation genes (tbx6, mesp-ba, ripply1).
  • Assessment of adult vertebral length, regularity, and polarity via microscopic and radiological imaging.
  • Correlation analysis between specific embryonic border defects and resulting vertebral anomalies.

Main Results:

  • Transient embryonic border disruptions resulted in persistent adult vertebral anomalies.
  • Embryonic border spacing was found to control adult vertebral length.
  • Embryonic border positions influenced the placement of ribs and arches, and mediated spine/rib fusions.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic segment borders play a critical role in vertebral development.
  • The timing and location of embryonic border formation directly influence adult vertebral structure.
  • Segment borders are a key determinant of vertebral column organization and integrity.