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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Coffee consumption and periodontitis: a Mendelian Randomization study.

Wan-Zhe Liao1,2, Zhi-Yi Zhou1,3, Zi-Kai Lin

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.

Genes & Nutrition
|September 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Increased continuous coffee consumption is linked to a higher risk of periodontitis. Binary coffee consumption showed no significant causal association with periodontitis risk. Further research is needed for definitive conclusions.

Keywords:
Bidirectional Mendelian RandomizationCoffee consumptionPeriodontal healthPeriodontitis

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Health Epidemiology
  • Nutritional Epidemiology
  • Genetic Epidemiology

Background:

  • Coffee is a globally prevalent beverage with increasing consumption in the US.
  • Periodontitis, characterized by periodontal tissue destruction, is linked to systemic conditions.
  • The causal link between coffee intake and periodontitis risk remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal relationship between coffee consumption and periodontitis liability.
  • To differentiate the effects of continuous versus binary coffee consumption patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Mendelian randomization with genetic instruments from UK Biobank, GLIDE, and GWAS meta-analysis.
  • Employed Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) as the primary method for causal inference.
  • Performed scatter plots and stability tests for robust analysis.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant causal effect of continuous coffee consumption on periodontitis risk was identified.
  • Each standard deviation increase in coffee consumption correlated with a 1.04% rise in periodontitis risk (OR: 1.0104).
  • Binary coffee consumption and reverse causality analyses did not yield significant causal associations.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous coffee consumption demonstrates a causal link to increased periodontitis risk, albeit with a small effect size.
  • No strong evidence supports a causal effect of binary coffee consumption on periodontitis.
  • The study found no significant evidence for reverse causality.