Vascular Malformations and Tumors: A Review of Classification and Imaging Features for Cardiothoracic Radiologists

Area of Science:

• Vascular imaging and classification
• Histopathology of vascular lesions
• Cardiothoracic radiology

Background:

• The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification, updated in 2018, provides a standardized histology-based scheme for vascular anomalies.
• Accurate terminology is crucial for cardiothoracic imagers to avoid archaic terms and ensure clear communication regarding vascular lesions.
• Familiarity with common vascular malformations (e.g., venous malformation, arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous malformation) and tumors is essential for effective patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review various vascular anomalies according to the latest ISSVA classification and terminology.
• To highlight key imaging features of different vascular anomalies.
• To discuss the role of various imaging modalities in the diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature and guidelines on vascular anomalies.
• Correlation of histological findings with imaging characteristics based on the ISSVA classification.
• Analysis of the utility of different imaging modalities (e.g., MRI, CT, ultrasound) for characterizing vascular lesions.

Main Results:

• The 2018 ISSVA classification categorizes vascular anomalies based on histology, differentiating between malformations and neoplasms.
• Key imaging findings are presented for common vascular malformations and tumors, aiding in their identification.
• Different imaging modalities offer complementary information for diagnosis and management planning.

Conclusions:

• Adherence to the ISSVA classification ensures consistent and accurate reporting of vascular anomalies in cardiothoracic imaging.
• Understanding the imaging features associated with each ISSVA category facilitates precise diagnosis.
• Multimodality imaging approaches are vital for comprehensive evaluation and appropriate management of patients with vascular anomalies.