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Related Concept Videos

Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
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EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant01:09

EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant

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Each EDTA molecule has six binding sites: four carboxyl groups and two amino groups. The fully protonated form of EDTA is represented as H6Y2+. However, it can exist in different forms, H5Y+, H4Y, H3Y−, H2Y2−, and HY3−, depending on the pH of the solution. In very basic solutions with pH > 10.17, the fully deprotonated form, Y4−, is the predominant species that readily complexes with metal ions in a 1:1 ratio.
For the equilibrium reaction of the metal with the...
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EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

615
EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods01:18

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods

300
Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a...
300
Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient

825
The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
The activity coefficient value for an ion is close to one when the solution has almost zero ionic strength, i.e., when the solution shows close to ideal behavior. As the ionic strength of the solution increases from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening
09:49

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

Published on: November 20, 2018

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VCP increases or decreases tau seeding using specific cofactors.

Sushobhna Batra1, Jaime Vaquer-Alicea1, Victor A Manon1

  • 1Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|September 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Valosin-containing protein (VCP) regulates pathological tau seeding in neurodegenerative diseases. VCP and its cofactors control tau aggregation, influencing disease progression.

Keywords:
APEX2CofactorsDisaggregaseSeedingTauVCPp97

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2025

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening
09:49

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

Published on: November 20, 2018

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Sensitive Detection of Proteopathic Seeding Activity with FRET Flow Cytometry

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In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein
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In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

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Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative tauopathies are linked to pathological tau seed propagation.
  • The rapid intracellular seeding of tau aggregates remains poorly understood.
  • Cellular machinery governing tau seeding is yet to be identified.

Conclusions:

  • Valosin-containing protein (VCP) acts as a central regulator of tau seeding.
  • VCP utilizes distinct cofactors to control tau seed replication.
  • These findings suggest a cytoplasmic complex that dictates tau seed fate (dissolution vs. amplification).