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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Olfactory dysfunction after autoimmune encephalitis depending on the antibody type and limbic MRI pathologies.

Martin Hänsel1,2, Henning Schmitz-Peiffer1, Antje Hähner3

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Frontiers in Neurology
|September 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Patients with NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis retain normal olfactory function. However, non-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis patients experience persistent olfactory impairment, likely due to limbic structure damage.

Keywords:
Caspr2GADLGI1NMDARautoimmune encephalitisolfactionolfactory dysfunctionthreshold discrimination identification test

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can affect limbic structures, potentially impairing olfactory function.
  • Characterizing olfactory deficits in AE patients is crucial for understanding long-term neurological sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess and characterize olfactory function in patients following autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To investigate the correlation between limbic structure involvement and olfactory performance in AE patients.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study compared 11 AE patients (NMDAR, GAD, VGKC antibodies, or antibody-negative) with 12 pneumococcal meningo-encephalitis (PC) controls.
  • Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin Sticks test (TDI-score).
  • Limbic structure involvement was assessed via MRI, with statistical analyses correlating TDI-scores and MRI findings.

Main Results:

  • Overall olfactory function (TDI-score) was comparable between AE and PC groups.
  • AE patients without NMDAR antibodies showed significantly lower TDI-scores and discrimination ability compared to NMDAR patients.
  • Non-NMDAR patients exhibited more limbic MRI pathologies, correlating with impaired smell discrimination.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis demonstrate normal long-term olfactory function.
  • Non-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis is associated with persistent olfactory dysfunction, likely resulting from limbic structure damage.