Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

7.0K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
7.0K
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

55.9K
While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
55.9K
Law of Segregation01:49

Law of Segregation

66.1K
When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
66.1K
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

72.3K
Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
72.3K
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

23.4K
Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
23.4K
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

58.5K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
58.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transdiagnostic profiles of socio-affective functioning in adolescents at-risk of poor mental health.

JCPP advances·2026
Same author

Triangulating evidence for genetic and environmental components of associations between parental behaviours and aggressive behaviour in children.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Pathways into child and adolescent mental health services for anxiety and depression: The role of social and educational factors.

European child & adolescent psychiatry·2026
Same author

An integrative mendelian randomisation and drug mechanism framework for target prioritisation and therapeutic repurposing in major depression.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Personality and mental health as mediators linking childhood maltreatment to intimate partner violence victimization: a Mendelian randomization-direction of causation twin study.

The Lancet regional health. Europe·2026
Same author

Indirect Genetic Effects on Alcohol Use Disorder and Nicotine Dependence.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast
07:18

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast

Published on: May 15, 2018

10.8K

The providential randomisation of genotypes.

Jean-Baptiste Pingault1, Pasco Fearon1, Essi Viding1

  • 1Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK j.pingault@ucl.ac.uk www.jeanbaptistepingault.com p.fearon@ucl.ac.uk https://www.cfr.cam.ac.uk/staff/professor-pasco-fearon e.viding@ucl.ac.uk https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/people/essi-viding.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|September 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Randomization of genotypes at conception aids in discovering genetic causes for behaviors. Genetic material randomization within families also helps identify environmental risk factors and disease pathways.

More Related Videos

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans
04:51

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Published on: November 14, 2016

9.2K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast
07:18

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast

Published on: May 15, 2018

10.8K
Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans
04:51

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Published on: November 14, 2016

9.2K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.2K

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral genetics
  • Human genetics
  • Disease etiology

Background:

  • Establishing causal links in behavioral genetics is challenging.
  • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are a gold standard for causal inference.
  • Natural genetic variation offers a unique research opportunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how natural genetic randomization aids causal inference in behavioral genetics.
  • To highlight the utility of within-family genetic randomization for identifying environmental risk factors.
  • To understand etiological pathways for diseases and behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging the natural randomization of genotypes at conception.
  • Utilizing genetic material randomization within families.
  • Comparative analysis with artificial randomization in randomized controlled trials.

Main Results:

  • Natural genotype randomization facilitates the discovery of genetic causes.
  • Within-family genetic randomization improves identification of environmental risk factors.
  • Genetic randomization aids in elucidating etiological pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic randomization, both at conception and within families, is a powerful tool in behavioral genetics.
  • This approach enhances the understanding of genetic and environmental influences on health and behavior.
  • It provides a robust framework for causal inference in complex traits.