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Responses to Drought and Flooding

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Obtaining High-Quality Transcriptome Data from Cereal Seeds by a Modified Method for Gene Expression Profiling

Obtaining High-Quality Transcriptome Data from Cereal Seeds by a Modified Method for Gene Expression Profiling

Published on: May 21, 2020

Metabolic and transcriptomic profiling during wheat seed development under progressive drought conditions.

Ryosuke Mega¹, June-Sik Kim^2,3, Hiroyuki Tanaka⁴

¹Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. mega@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp.

Scientific Reports

|September 11, 2023

Summary

Drought stress hinders wheat seed development by reducing essential components like starch and proteins. Developing drought-tolerant wheat with water-saving traits is crucial for maintaining seed formation and quality.

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Metabolomic Analysis of Barley by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

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Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

Plant Science
Agricultural Science
Biochemistry

Background:

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a vital global staple food, but yields are significantly reduced by drought stress.
Current research primarily focuses on increasing wheat yield, with limited attention to end-product quality under drought.
Global climate change exacerbates drought conditions, impacting wheat cultivation and seed development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of progressive drought stress on wheat seed development.
To analyze metabolic and gene expression changes in drought-sensitive versus drought-tolerant wheat lines.
To understand the molecular mechanisms behind drought-induced seed shrinkage.

Main Methods:

Metabolomic profiling to analyze metabolite accumulation in developing wheat seeds.
Transcriptomic analysis to assess gene expression patterns under drought stress.
Comparison between a drought-sensitive wheat line and a drought-tolerant transgenic line overexpressing TaPYL4.

Main Results:

Drought-tolerant lines showed higher accumulation of proline and sugars compared to sensitive lines under drought.
Gene expression related to translation, starch biosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis (proline, arginine) was downregulated in sensitive lines.
Seed shrinkage in sensitive lines was linked to reduced biosynthesis and accumulation of storage proteins, starch, amino acids, and sugars.

Conclusions:

Drought stress impairs wheat seed development by inhibiting the biosynthesis of essential components, leading to seed shrinkage.
The overexpression of abscisic acid receptor TaPYL4 confers drought tolerance and supports seed formation.
Developing wheat with water-saving and drought-tolerant traits is essential for ensuring seed quality and yield under arid conditions.