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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Ecology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • Functional traits of marine species are influenced by evolutionary history and local environmental factors.
  • The temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH) attempt to explain body size and trophic level variations.
  • Global-scale quantification of functional trait variation with latitude and depth across marine taxa is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To globally quantify latitudinal and depth-related gradients in marine fish trophic level and maximum body size.
  • To investigate the influence of environmental factors like temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen on these functional traits.
  • To test the support for TSR, GOLT, and TCH hypotheses in marine fish.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 5,619 marine fish species' modelled ranges, categorized by body size (<30 cm, 30-100 cm, >100 cm) and trophic level (<2.20, 2.20-2.80, 2.81-3.70, >3.70).
  • Data parsed into 5° latitudinal intervals across four depth zones (whole water column, 0-200m, 201-1000m, 1001-6000m).
  • Correlation analysis between functional traits and environmental variables (salinity, sea surface temperature, near-seabed temperature, dissolved oxygen).

Main Results:

  • Mean body size and trophic level of marine fish were smaller and lower in warmer latitudes, and larger and higher in colder latitudes (excluding Antarctica).
  • Fish species with lower trophic levels (≤2.80) were prevalent in warmer regions and absent in colder ones.
  • Mean maximum body size decreased with increasing depth, correlating with reduced dissolved oxygen levels.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature and oxygen are primary global drivers influencing marine fish biogeography and functional traits.
  • Findings support the temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH).
  • Environmental heterogeneity in polar regions may explain differences in body size and trophic levels between the Arctic and Antarctic.