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Related Concept Videos

Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
165
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
130
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
273

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion
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An electrokinetic-biocementation study for clay stabilisation using carbonic anhydrase-producing bacteria.

Wilson Mwandira1, Maria Mavroulidou2, Anjali Satheesh1

  • 1Division of Civil and Building Services Engineering, London South Bank University, London, UK.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|September 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Biocementation using carbonic anhydrase (CA) and electrokinetic treatment significantly strengthens clay soil for railway infrastructure. This method utilizes native bacteria to capture CO2, enhancing soil strength and aiding climate change mitigation.

Keywords:
BiocementationCO2 captureCarbonic anhydraseElectrokineticsGround improvement

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Railway infrastructure requires robust soil foundations.
  • Biocementation offers a sustainable alternative to traditional soil improvement methods.
  • Carbonic anhydrase (CA) biocementation utilizes CO2 sequestration for cement production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of electrokinetic CA biocementation for strengthening clay soil.
  • To compare biostimulation and bioaugmentation approaches for this application.
  • To evaluate the impact on soil strength, moisture, and calcium carbonate content.

Main Methods:

  • Electrokinetic treatment of clay soil samples.
  • Biostimulation and bioaugmentation with CA-producing bacteria.
  • Cone penetration tests for undrained shear strength measurement.
  • Moisture content and calcium carbonate analysis.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Biostimulation increased undrained shear strength from 17.6 kPa to 106.6 kPa.
  • SEM revealed significant structural changes in biostimulated soil.
  • Bioaugmentation resulted in CaCO3 precipitation and bacterial presence but lower strength increase.
  • Moisture content and calcium carbonate content were affected by the treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Electrokinetic CA biocementation via biostimulation is effective for strengthening clay soils.
  • This method enhances railway infrastructure resilience and contributes to climate change mitigation through CO2 capture.
  • Further research into bioaugmentation may optimize its performance.