Epigenetic and transcriptional control of gasdermins

Cells undergo an inflammatory programmed lytic cell death called 'pyroptosis' (with the Greek roots 'fiery'), often featuring morphological hallmarks such as large ballooning protrusions and subsequent bursting. Originally described as a caspase-1-dependent cell death in response to bacterial infection, pyroptosis has since been re-defined in 2018 as a cell death dependent on plasma membrane pores by a gasdermin (GSDM) family member [1,2]. GSDMs form pores in the plasma membrane as well as organelle membranes, thereby initiating membrane destruction and the rapid and lytic demise of a cell. The gasdermin family plays a profound role in the execution of pyroptosis in the context of infection, inflammation, tumor pathogenesis, and anti-tumor therapy. More recently, cell-death-independent functions for some of the GSDMs have been proposed. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of gasdermin gene regulation, including mechanisms in both homeostatic conditions and during inflammation, is essential. In this review, we will summarize the role of gasdermins in pyroptosis and focus our discussion on the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms controlling the expression of GSDMs.