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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

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Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
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Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Daytime radiative cooling multilayer films designed by a machine learning method and genetic algorithm.

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    Researchers developed a novel daytime radiative cooling emitter (DRCE) using machine learning. This energy-efficient technology achieves significant cooling, reducing ambient temperature by over 9°C without consuming power or emitting gases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Sustainable Energy

    Background:

    • Daytime radiative cooling offers an energy-efficient alternative to conventional cooling methods.
    • It operates without energy consumption or harmful emissions, aligning with environmental goals.
    • Developing effective radiative cooling materials is crucial for sustainable thermal management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and optimize a daytime radiative cooling emitter (DRCE) using advanced computational methods.
    • To achieve high emissivity in the atmospheric window and high reflectivity in the solar spectrum.
    • To demonstrate a machine learning-driven strategy for designing radiative cooling materials.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a machine learning method (MLM) combined with a genetic algorithm for material design.
    • Fabricated a DRCE composed of polydimethylsiloxane, silicon dioxide, and aluminum nitride on a silver-silicon substrate.
    • Characterized the optical properties (emissivity and reflectivity) and cooling performance of the optimized DRCE.

    Main Results:

    • The optimal DRCE exhibited 94.43% average total hemispherical emissivity in the atmospheric window (8-13 μm).
    • Achieved 98.25% average total hemispherical reflectivity across the solar radiation spectrum (0.3-2.5 μm).
    • Demonstrated a net cooling power of 140.38 W/m² and a steady-state temperature reduction of 9.08°C at 30°C ambient temperature under 900 W/m² solar radiation.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed DRCE effectively achieves significant passive cooling during the day.
    • The MLM-driven design strategy offers a powerful approach for optimizing radiative cooling materials.
    • This technology presents a promising solution for sustainable cooling applications.