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Reconfigurable coaxial single-photon LIDAR based on the SPAD array.

Ruikai Xue, Yan Kang, Weiwei Li

    Applied Optics
    |September 14, 2023
    PubMed
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    This study introduces a novel coaxial single-photon LIDAR system using diffractive optical elements (DOEs) to enhance laser energy efficiency. The system achieves 3D imaging at 100m and 180m, overcoming limitations of traditional SPAD arrays.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • LiDAR Technology
    • Detector Systems

    Background:

    • Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays with integrated time-to-digital converter (TDC) circuits are suitable for imaging LiDAR.
    • Low fill-factor in SPAD arrays limits efficient laser energy utilization in conventional LiDAR systems.
    • Existing systems struggle with energy efficiency and resolution for distant targets.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design a reconfigurable coaxial single-photon LiDAR system.
    • To improve laser energy efficiency and imaging resolution using diffractive optical elements (DOEs).
    • To enable 3D imaging of targets at varying distances.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a coaxial LiDAR system integrating SPAD arrays with DOEs and a beam expander.
    • Shaped laser beam into a dot matrix, precisely matching DOE spot beam divergence to SPAD array's field of view (FOV).
    • Implemented a coaxial structure with reconfigurable telescope systems for different target distances.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved approximately 100 times increase in output energy utilization compared to diffusion illumination.
    • Enabled sub-pixel scanning for higher resolution imaging by using active areas as minimum pixels.
    • Successfully demonstrated 3D imaging of targets at 100m and 180m with different telescope configurations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed coaxial single-photon LiDAR system significantly enhances laser energy efficiency and imaging resolution.
    • The system's reconfigurable nature allows for effective 3D imaging of targets at diverse distances.
    • This approach overcomes key limitations of SPAD arrays in LiDAR applications.