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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics

    Background:

    • Multimode interference (MMI) couplers are essential optical devices.
    • Their performance is often degraded by phase errors in spatial modes.
    • These errors stem from deviations in mode propagation constants.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a simple and effective method for reducing phase errors in MMI couplers.
    • To improve the performance of MMI-based optical splitters.
    • To analyze the impact of groove dimensions on higher-order modes.

    Main Methods:

    • Forming rectangular grooves along the MMI coupler edges.
    • Utilizing perturbation methods for analysis.
    • Performing strict vector simulations for validation.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully reduced phase errors for higher-order spatial modes.
    • Demonstrated improved performance in dual-mode MMI splitters (50:50 and 100:0).
    • Validated the method for both medium- and high-index contrast materials (TiO2:SiO2/SiO2 and Si/SiO2).

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed groove-based method is effective in mitigating phase errors.
    • This technique offers a practical approach to enhance MMI coupler performance.
    • The findings are relevant for designing advanced optical splitters at 1.31 µm wavelength.