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Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
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Advances in Continuous Flow Fluorination Reactions.

Tsz Chun Lee1, Yi Tong1, Wai Chung Fu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|September 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous flow chemistry offers safer and more efficient methods for fluorination reactions, overcoming challenges like hazardous reagents and poor scalability in pharmaceutical and agrochemical synthesis.

Keywords:
CatalysisContinuous FlowFluorinationFluorineOrganic Synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Fluorination reactions are crucial for developing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals due to the beneficial properties organofluorine motifs impart.
  • Traditional batch fluorination methods face significant hurdles, including hazardous reagents, exothermic reactions, and poor selectivity and scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in continuous flow techniques for fluorination reactions.
  • To highlight how flow chemistry addresses the inherent limitations of conventional batch fluorination.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of various continuous flow approaches, including gas-liquid reactions and packed-bed reactors.
  • Exploration of streamlined multistep syntheses and large-scale reaction implementations in flow.
  • Integration of flow photoredox and electrocatalysis for enhanced fluorination.

Main Results:

  • Continuous flow offers improved safety, selectivity, and scalability for fluorination reactions.
  • Flow techniques enable streamlined synthesis and efficient handling of challenging reactions.
  • Emerging methods like flow photoredox and electrocatalysis expand the scope of fluorination.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous flow technology presents a transformative solution for overcoming the challenges associated with fluorination reactions.
  • Flow chemistry provides a versatile platform for safer, more efficient, and scalable synthesis of valuable organofluorine compounds.