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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
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Male infertility.

Michael L Eisenberg1,2, Sandro C Esteves3,4, Dolores J Lamb5,6,7

  • 1Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. eisenberg@stanford.edu.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|September 14, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male infertility, a significant cause of clinical infertility, stems from various factors including testicular dysfunction and lifestyle choices. Evaluation involves history, physical exams, and semen analysis, with treatments ranging from lifestyle changes to surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine and Urology
  • Andrology and Male Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Clinical infertility affects couples unable to conceive after 12 months.
  • Male factors contribute significantly, estimated at 30-50% of infertility cases.
  • Causes include testicular dysfunction, endocrinopathies, lifestyle, anatomical factors, exposures, and aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the comprehensive evaluation of male infertility.
  • To discuss current treatment strategies for male infertility.
  • To highlight the recognized disease status and quality of life impact of male infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed patient history taking.
  • Focused physical examination.
  • Selective laboratory testing, including semen analysis.

Main Results:

  • Treatments encompass lifestyle optimization, medical therapies, and surgical interventions.
  • These interventions aim for measurable improvements in fertility.
  • Male infertility is a recognized disease impacting couple's quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Male infertility is a multifactorial condition requiring thorough evaluation.
  • A range of treatments can lead to improved fertility outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to quantify the specific impact of male infertility on quality of life.