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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
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Components of Stress01:23

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Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
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Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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  11. Foxo Transcription Factors As Mediators Of Stress Adaptation

FOXO transcription factors as mediators of stress adaptation

Maria J Rodriguez-Colman1, Tobias B Dansen1, Boudewijn M T Burgering2,3

  • 1Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|September 14, 2023

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins regulate stress responses, impacting aging and age-related diseases. Their role in human lifespan is complex, unlike their clear lifespan-extending effects in model organisms.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins are key transcription factors, homologous to C. elegans DAF-16, known for lifespan extension.
  • FOXO activity is linked to stress response pathways, crucial for maintaining homeostasis and combating age-related decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulation and function of FOXO proteins in development, homeostasis, and aging.
  • To explore the paradoxical roles of FOXO-mediated stress responses in cellular survival and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on FOXO transcription factors.
  • Analysis of conditional knockout experiments in model organisms.
  • Examination of FOXO's role in stress response pathways and age-related diseases.

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Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Published on: May 21, 2020

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Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

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Main Results:

  • FOXO proteins regulate stress response pathways, influencing cellular and organismal homeostasis.
  • Decreased FOXO activity is associated with major age-related diseases like cancer and diabetes.
  • FOXO-mediated responses can paradoxically support the survival of dysfunctional cells.

Conclusions:

  • FOXO proteins play a critical role in preserving homeostasis and managing stress, impacting aging and disease.
  • The complex roles of FOXOs in human lifespan contrast with their well-defined lifespan-extending functions in model organisms like C. elegans.