Impact of meteorological parameters on soil radon at Kolkata, India: investigation using machine learning techniques

The daily soil radon activity has been measured continuously over a year with BARASOL BMC2 probe at a measuring site of Jadavpur University Campus in Kolkata, India. The dependency of soil radon activity with different atmospheric parameters such as soil temperature, soil pressure, humidity, air temperature, and rainfall has been also analyzed. The whole study period is divided in four seasons as proposed by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Minimum soil radon level has been observed during the winter season (December-February). On the other hand, higher soil radon level has been observed both for summer and monsoon. Except soil pressure, all other variables have shown positive correlation with soil radon activity. Among five variables, soil temperature has been the most significant variable in terms of correlation with soil radon level whereas maximum humidity has been the least significant correlated variable. It has been observed that considerable reduction of soil radon level occurred after four heavy rainfall events during the study period. The combined effect of these multi-parameters on soil radon gas has been evaluated using machine learning methods like principal component regression (PCR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM). In terms of performances, RF and GBM have performed much better than SVR and PCR. More robust and consistent results have been obtained for GBM during both training and testing periods.