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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metrology
    • Non-contact Measurement

    Background:

    • Optical vortices (OV) with orbital angular momentum (OAM) enable rotational Doppler effect (RDE) for detecting spinning objects.
    • Existing RDE methods using single OVs are limited by low robustness to light incidence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the RDE of superimposed optical vortex arrays (SOVA).
    • To analyze the holistic OAM of SOVA and its modal gathering effect.
    • To enhance the robustness and signal amplitude in RDE measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of the holistic OAM of SOVA as a superposition of azimuthal harmonics.
    • Experimental demonstration of RDE using SOVA for rotation detection.
    • Comparison of SOVA-based RDE with single OV-based RDE.

    Main Results:

    • SOVA exhibits a distinctive RDE with frequency shifts precisely mapped to OAM modes.
    • The modal gathering effect of SOVA enhances signal amplitude.
    • SOVA-based RDE shows potential for improved robustness against non-coaxial incidence.

    Conclusions:

    • SOVA offers a novel approach to RDE, enhancing rotation detection capabilities.
    • The findings introduce SOVAs as a promising tool for advanced non-contact rotation sensing.