Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

844
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
844
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

14.7K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
14.7K
Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

25.3K
Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
25.3K
Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

1.0K
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
1.0K
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

48.0K
Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...
48.0K
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

50.7K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
50.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Probing the structure of complex hydrocarbon molecules with X-ray-induced Coulomb explosion imaging.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Photoinduced Enhancement of Chemical Shift Sensitivity to Local Vibrations.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Proton Sharing in Polycarboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution.

JACS Au·2026
Same author

Steroid Fingerprinting with Cryogenic Gas-Phase Infrared Spectroscopy.

ACS measurement science au·2026
Same author

Liquid-Microjet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophore in Aqueous Solution.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026
Same author

Cryogenic Infrared Spectroscopy Unmasks Gas-Phase Charge Migration in Mucin-Type O-Glycans.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

19.6K

How to measure work functions from aqueous solutions.

Michele Pugini1, Bruno Credidio1, Irina Walter1

  • 1Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany winter@fhi-berlin.mpg.de.

Chemical Science
|September 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) now measures liquid electronic energetics on an absolute scale. This study connects ionization energies to the solution work function, enabling new characterization of liquid interfaces.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification
07:32

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Published on: April 7, 2017

9.5K
Measurement of Maximum Isometric Force Generated by Permeabilized Skeletal Muscle Fibers
11:30

Measurement of Maximum Isometric Force Generated by Permeabilized Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Published on: June 16, 2015

25.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

19.6K
Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification
07:32

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Published on: April 7, 2017

9.5K
Measurement of Maximum Isometric Force Generated by Permeabilized Skeletal Muscle Fibers
11:30

Measurement of Maximum Isometric Force Generated by Permeabilized Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Published on: June 16, 2015

25.5K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed-matter physics applied to liquid systems.
  • Surface science and interfacial phenomena.
  • Spectroscopy and electronic structure determination.

Background:

  • Traditionally, electronic energetics of liquids were difficult to measure on an absolute scale.
  • Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been extended to volatile, liquid-phase systems.
  • This allows routine determination of vertical ionization energies (VIEs) referenced to the local vacuum level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To connect the absolute vacuum level reference to the solution work function (eΦliq) for liquids.
  • To investigate the challenges and prerequisites for determining eΦ of aqueous solutions.
  • To demonstrate the measurement of concentration-dependent work functions for surfactant solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Application of condensed-matter physics concepts to liquid-phase photoelectron spectroscopy.
  • Utilizing liquid-jet PES to measure electronic energetics and surface properties.
  • Quantifying and eliminating surface potentials specific to flowing liquid samples.

Main Results:

  • Accurate and precise measurement of vertical ionization energies (VIEs) for liquid water and aqueous solutions.
  • Demonstration of concentration-dependent work functions for a model aqueous solution (TBAI surfactant).
  • Quantification of surface dipoles arising from segregated interfacial ions (TBA+ and I-).

Conclusions:

  • Liquid-jet PES can now quantitatively access concentration-dependent surface descriptors previously limited to solid phases.
  • This work enables the assignment of spectral shifts to competing work function and electronic structure effects.
  • Establishes a new era for characterizing the interfacial electronic structure of aqueous solutions and liquids.