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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

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Visualized X-ray Dosimetry for Multienvironment Applications.

Lan Lu1, Songcheng Peng1, Lei Zhao2

  • 1Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.

Nano Letters
|September 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel visual X-ray dosimetry method using nanocrystals that change color upon irradiation. This allows for immediate and delayed radiation detection, enhancing safety in various applications.

Keywords:
X-ray dose detectioncolor-tunablecross-relaxationmultienvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Radiochemistry

Background:

  • X-ray dose detection is crucial across chemistry, materials science, and medicine.
  • Existing dosimetry materials struggle with both immediate and delayed radiation detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a visual X-ray dosimetry method for diverse applications.
  • To utilize NaLuF4 nanocrystals for colorimetric and mechanoluminescent X-ray detection.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized NaLuF4 nanocrystals doped with Ho3+.
  • Investigated X-ray-induced color change (green to red) via concentration tuning.
  • Observed mechanoluminescence (ML) generation post-irradiation due to induced trapping centers.

Main Results:

  • NaLuF4:Ho3+ nanocrystals exhibit a visual color change upon X-ray exposure.
  • Ho3+ concentration tuning controls emission color through cross-relaxation.
  • X-ray irradiation creates trapping centers, enabling dose-dependent ML for delayed detection.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a dual-mode (visual and ML) X-ray dosimeter.
  • The method offers immediate and delayed radiation detection capabilities.
  • Potential applications include flaw detection, nuclear medicine, customs, and civil protection.