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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain is a crucial metabolic pathway facilitating energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes that mediate a series of redox reactions located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. These complexes function by transferring electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to terminal electron acceptors, including oxygen in aerobic respiration...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

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The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

14.4K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System
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Electron Transfer Beyond the Outer Membrane: Putting Electrons to Rest.

J A Gralnick1, D R Bond1

  • 1BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; email: gralnick@umn.edu, dbond@umn.edu.

Annual Review of Microbiology
|September 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) allows microbes like Shewanella and Geobacter to interact with external minerals. Recent research reveals diverse mechanisms for this electron movement beyond the cell membrane.

Keywords:
GeobacterShewanellacytochromeelectron shuttlesextracellular electron transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a microbial process for redox reactions beyond the cell.
  • Shewanella and Geobacter were the first identified bacteria utilizing EET for mineral respiration.
  • EET requires transferring electrons across the cell membrane, distinguishing it from other respiratory processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of EET mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter.
  • To highlight the strategies microbes use to conduct electrons across the outer membrane.
  • To discuss the broader implications of EET for diverse extracellular acceptors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Shewanella and Geobacter.
  • Analysis of research on electron transport chains and outer membrane proteins.
  • Synthesis of findings on EET to various mineral and non-mineral acceptors.

Main Results:

  • Well-conserved pathways for inner-to-outer membrane electron transfer are established.
  • Emerging evidence points to a wider array of EET mechanisms than previously known.
  • EET enables the reduction of diverse extracellular targets, including minerals, electrodes, and other organisms.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial EET is crucial for biogeochemical cycling and has diverse applications.
  • Understanding EET mechanisms is key to harnessing microbial capabilities for environmental and technological purposes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the less understood EET pathways and their scope.