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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
520
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
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Study on neutron energy spectrum unfolding algorithm with EJ309 liquid scintillation detector.

Xu Yang1, Zheng Wei2, Shi-Yu Zhang3

  • 1School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; National Nuclear Industry Corporation 404, Jiayuguan, 735100, China.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|September 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study presents new algorithms for measuring fast neutron energy spectra using EJ309 detectors. The developed methods accurately unfold neutron spectra with improved efficiency and fewer iterations.

Keywords:
Direct-DGOLDLiquid scintillation detectorMLEMNeutron energy spectrum

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Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics and Instrumentation
  • Radiation Detection and Measurement

Background:

  • Fast neutron energy spectrum measurement is crucial for nuclear applications.
  • The proton recoil method offers a way to measure neutron spectra from non-pulsed sources.
  • Existing unfolding algorithms may lack efficiency or accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate advanced neutron energy spectrum unfolding algorithms.
  • To improve the precision and efficiency of neutron spectrum analysis using EJ309 detectors.
  • To establish a reliable criterion for iterative accuracy in unfolding algorithms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the proton recoil method with an EJ309 liquid scintillation detector.
  • Developed and implemented unfolding algorithms: MLEM, GOLD deconvolution, and Direct-D.
  • Proposed Mean Square Error (MSE) as a criterion for iterative accuracy, convergence speed, and efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Successfully unfolded simulated mono-energetic (2.5 MeV), 252Cf, Am-Be, and experimental D-D neutron spectra.
  • Achieved higher precision and required fewer iterations compared to conventional methods.
  • Demonstrated good agreement between unfolded spectra and standard/evaluated neutron spectra.

Conclusions:

  • The developed neutron energy spectrum unfolding algorithms provide accurate results.
  • The proposed MSE criterion effectively guides the iterative process for optimal unfolding.
  • These algorithms represent a significant advancement in fast neutron spectrum analysis.