Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

25.5K
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
25.5K
Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

70.3K
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
70.3K
Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

55.5K
Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
55.5K
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

1.6K
Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
1.6K
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

1.4K
Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
1.4K
Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

2.1K
G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical,...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeted proteomics for the detection of androgen receptor variants in preclinical models of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Clinical proteomics·2026
Same author

Epigenetic reactivation in Friedreich's ataxia from benzamides to gene‑targeted chimeras.

Expert opinion on drug discovery·2026
Same author

Therapeutic activity of a hematopoietic stem cell-delivered cell-penetrating frataxin in Friedreich's ataxia models.

Cell reports. Medicine·2026
Same author

Safety and efficacy of individualised exercise and NAD<sup>+</sup> precursor supplementation in patients with Friedreich's ataxia in the USA: a single-centre, 2 × 2 factorial, randomised controlled trial.

The Lancet. Neurology·2026
Same author

Peripheral frataxin levels govern long-term clinical progression in Friedreich ataxia.

BMJ neurology open·2026
Same author

Author Correction: HMGB2-induced calreticulin translocation required for immunogenic cell death and ferroptosis of cancer cells are controlled by the nuclear exporter XPO1.

Communications biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

6.4K

The androgen receptor.

Greg Van-Duyne1, Ian A Blair2, Cynthia Sprenger3

  • 1Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones
|September 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The Androgen Receptor (AR) regulates male sex hormone function and is a drug target. Advances in understanding AR signaling, including its proteoforms and resistance mechanisms, offer new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
AgonistsAldo-keto reductaseAllosteryAntagonistsCo-regulatorsCryo-electron microscopyMass spectrometryPost-translational modificationProstate cancerProteolysis-targeting chimeraSelective androgen receptor modulatorsSplice variantsSteroid 5α-reductase

More Related Videos

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

12.8K
Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses
08:36

Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses

Published on: October 24, 2019

11.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

6.4K
Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

12.8K
Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses
08:36

Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses

Published on: October 24, 2019

11.1K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Endocrinology
  • Signaling Pathways
  • Nuclear Receptor Superfamily

Background:

  • The Androgen Receptor (AR) is a crucial transcription factor for male sexual development and function.
  • AR exhibits paradoxical effects with endogenous ligands and shares response elements with other nuclear receptors, posing complexity.
  • High-resolution structural data of full-length AR (AR-FL) has been challenging due to the disordered N-terminal domain (NTD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling pathways.
  • To explore the regulation of AR function by post-translational modifications and proteoforms.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies and resistance mechanisms related to AR in diseases like prostate cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Androgen Receptor (AR) structure, function, and signaling.
  • Analysis of post-translational modifications and their impact on AR proteoforms.
  • Examination of drug resistance mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • AR function is modulated by diverse proteoforms arising from post-translational modifications.
  • Interactions within multiprotein complexes dictate AR's transcriptional output.
  • Drug resistance in prostate cancer is linked to AR upregulation and LBD-deficient splice variants.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting AR with selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS) or antagonists is key in treating AR-driven diseases.
  • Novel strategies like Bipolar T treatment and NTD-antagonists show promise in overcoming AR drug resistance.
  • Further research into AR signaling complexity is essential for developing more effective therapies.