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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing Ischemic Stroke Damage Through Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
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Do stroke services still show sex differences? A multicenter study.

Nevine El Nahas1, Hossam Shokri2, Tamer Roushdy1

  • 1Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|September 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Sex differences in stroke exist, with women experiencing more severe ischemic strokes and worse outcomes, despite faster treatment initiation and greater access to revascularization. Age and country impact stroke characteristics.

Keywords:
Sex differencesStrokeStroke characteristicsStroke outcomeStroke servicesWomen

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Growing concern regarding sex differences in stroke necessitates further multicenter research.
  • Previous studies highlight the need for comprehensive analysis of sex variations in stroke epidemiology and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare sex differences in stroke risk factors, severity, quality of care, and outcomes.
  • To analyze stroke characteristics in women across different age groups and countries.

Main Methods:

  • Multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study involving 18,659 patients from 9 countries.
  • Comparison of sexes regarding risk factors, stroke severity, quality of services, and outcomes.
  • Analysis of conventional risk factors in women by age group and country.

Main Results:

  • Women were older, with higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
  • Ischemic stroke was more severe in women, leading to worse outcomes (p < 0.0001), despite shorter time to treatment.
  • Women had greater access to bridging therapy (p=0.002) and revascularization.

Conclusions:

  • Significant sex differences observed in stroke risk factors, severity, and outcomes.
  • Women showed a trend towards better access to revascularization treatments.
  • Country-specific variations in stroke demographics, risk factors, and management were identified.