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Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
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It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality
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Chirality detection of biological molecule through spin selectivity effect.

Yu Zhang1, Guangcheng Wang1, Fangyuan Liu1

  • 1Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.

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|September 18, 2023
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Summary

This study introduces a new method for detecting chiral biological molecules using polypeptide monolayers and photon-electron interactions. This technique offers high sensitivity for trace detection, improving disease and virus diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Accurate monitoring of chiral biological molecules is crucial for disease diagnosis and virus detection.
  • Existing optical chiral detection methods lack universality, are complex, and require large sample quantities, leading to low efficiency.
  • Chiral molecules play vital roles in biological processes, and their detection is essential for understanding health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, highly sensitive method for trace detection of chiral biological molecules.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing optical chiral detection technologies.
  • To enable simultaneous chirality discrimination and signal amplification for biological molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a self-assembled monolayer of polypeptides.
  • Utilizing the Kerr technique to measure the rotation angle induced by the molecular monolayer.
  • Investigating the spin selectivity of photon-electron interactions influenced by molecular chirality.
  • Employing an optical fiber for chirality discrimination and signal amplification.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated trace detection of chirality using polypeptide monolayers based on photon-electron spin selectivity.
  • Observed a significant Kerr rotation angle (∼3°), mimicking the magneto-optic Kerr effect without external magnetic fields or materials.
  • Successfully achieved simultaneous chirality discrimination and amplification via an optical fiber system.
  • Showcased a novel strategy for enhanced chirality characterization of biological molecules.

Conclusions:

  • The developed self-assembled polypeptide monolayer and Kerr technique offer a sensitive platform for trace chiral molecule detection.
  • The photon-electron interaction-based method provides a universal and efficient alternative to traditional optical chiral detection.
  • The integration with optical fiber technology allows for simultaneous discrimination and amplification, paving the way for advanced biosensing applications.