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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...
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Bipolar Junction Transistor01:22

Bipolar Junction Transistor

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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are essential elements in electronic circuits, playing a crucial role in the functionality of amplifiers, memories, and microprocessors. These transistors can be designed as NPN or PNP based on their doping patterns. They consist of three layers: the emitter, base, and collector. The configuration of these layers and their respective doping levels—with N-type or P-type impurities—define the transistor's type and its operational...
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
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Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
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Trainable Bilingual Synaptic Functions in Bio-enabled Synaptic Transistors.

Moon Jong Han1, Vladimir V Tsukruk2

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.

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|September 18, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel optoelectronic synapse using cellulose nanocrystals to mimic the brain. This bio-based device balances excitatory and inhibitory signals, enabling advanced neuromorphic computing and robot vision.

Keywords:
bio-organic field-effect transistorsbrain-inspired computingneuromorphic behaviorsoptoelectronic synaptic devicesphotonic cellulose nanocrystals

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Neural signal transmission relies on a balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
  • Mimicking brain plasticity requires preprogrammed excitatory and inhibitory response balance.
  • Simulating complex synaptic interactions necessitates advanced circuit configurations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an optoelectronic synapse for balancing excitatory and inhibitory responses.
  • To utilize light mediation and cellulose nanocrystals for synaptic function.
  • To develop bio-based artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing.

Main Methods:

  • Deployed humidity-sensitive chiral nematic phases of cellulose nanocrystals.
  • Engineered bio-electrolyte-gated transistors for synaptic applications.
  • Applied voltage pulses and chiral light stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved tunable excitatory and inhibitory nonvolatile behavior via environment-induced pitch tuning.
  • Demonstrated control over synaptic functions, learning pathways, and color recognition.
  • Created multifunctional bio-based synaptic field-effect transistors.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed optoelectronic synapse effectively balances excitatory and inhibitory responses.
  • Cellulose nanocrystal-based devices show potential for neuromorphic computing and robot vision.
  • Light-mediated artificial synapses offer a pathway to mimic brain plasticity and versatility.