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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

18.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
18.5K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

14.4K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

14.3K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

2.9K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
2.9K
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

9.7K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
9.7K

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Forming, Confining, and Observing Microtubule-Based Active Nematics
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Structural Transformation between a Nematic Loose Packing and a Randomly Stacked Close Packing of Granular Disks.

Yunhao Ding1, Jing Yang1, Chenyang Wang1

  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.

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Granular disk packing transitions from loose to dense structures with increasing fraction. Decreasing effective temperature favors stack formation, reducing orientational order in these athermal granular materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter

Background:

  • Granular materials exhibit complex behaviors influenced by particle shape and packing.
  • Understanding the transition from loose to dense packing is crucial for predicting material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural transformations in granular disk packings.
  • To model the influence of effective temperature on packing structures.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for reconstructing granular disk packings.
  • A model based on Edwards' volume ensemble to analyze structural statistics.

Main Results:

  • Packing fraction increase drives transformation from loose nematic to dense randomly oriented stacks.
  • Decreasing effective temperature statistically favors stack structures.
  • Stack structures exhibit lower anisotropy, reducing global orientational order.

Conclusions:

  • The identified mechanism explains nonergodic characteristics in disklike particle assemblies.
  • Findings are relevant for understanding materials like discotic mesogens and clays.