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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Base Excision Repair01:54

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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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How interdiction of inositol pyrophosphate catabolism perturbs the fission yeast response to phosphate starvation.

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Nuclear basket subunits Nup211 and Rsm1 influence RNA 3'-processing and transcription termination in fission yeast.

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Ifn1 is an intracellular GMP 5'-nucleotidase induced during the fission yeast response to phosphate starvation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
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Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

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RNA Repair: Hiding in Plain Sight.

Stewart Shuman1

  • 1Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA;

Annual Review of Genetics
|September 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

RNA repair enzymes mend breaks in RNA, but the biological context and outcomes of this repair remain unclear. This review explores RNA break repair mechanisms and their physiological roles.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Enzymes that modify RNA 5' and 3' ends, including phosphorylating, dephosphorylating, and ligating activities, were identified over 50 years ago.
  • These enzymes were found to repair specific breaks in the RNA phosphodiester backbone.
  • The discovery of novel RNA repair activities across diverse taxa outpaces the understanding of their biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery, mechanisms, and physiology of purposeful RNA break repair.
  • To highlight key questions regarding RNA break repair in vivo, including triggers, agents, targets, and repair outcomes.
  • To examine exemplary repair pathways, such as tRNA restriction-repair and tRNA splicing, where genetics has been crucial for elucidation.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
RNA ligaseend healingend sealingenzyme discoverypolynucleotide kinase–phosphatasetRNA restrictiontRNA splicing

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  • Literature review of RNA repair enzymes and pathways.
  • Analysis of genetic studies elucidating RNA repair mechanisms.
  • Perspective on the current understanding and future directions in RNA break repair research.

Main Results:

  • RNA repair can restore the original RNA, modify its ends, or lead to rearrangements (recombination).
  • Exemplary pathways like tRNA restriction-repair and tRNA splicing demonstrate the importance of genetics in understanding RNA repair.
  • Significant gaps exist in understanding the triggers, agents, and targets of RNA cleavage in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Purposeful RNA break repair is a conserved biological process with diverse outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to integrate the known enzymatic activities into functional biological pathways.
  • Genetics plays a pivotal role in dissecting the intricacies of RNA repair mechanisms and their physiological relevance.