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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Treatments for COVID-19.

Hayden S Andrews1, Jonathan D Herman2,3, Rajesh T Gandhi1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; email: hsandrews@mgh.harvard.edu, rgandhi@mgh.harvard.edu.

Annual Review of Medicine
|September 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 treatments now focus on antivirals for early, less severe illness and immunomodulators for critical cases. New investigational agents are being studied to further evolve treatment strategies.

Keywords:
COVID-19COVID-19 treatmentSARS-CoV-2antithrombotic therapyantiviralsconvalescent plasmaimmunomodulatorsneutralizing antibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • COVID-19 treatment has rapidly evolved since the pandemic's onset.
  • Current therapeutic strategies primarily involve antiviral and immunomodulatory agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current landscape of COVID-19 treatments.
  • To highlight the evolving roles of different therapeutic classes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practice and emerging research in COVID-19 therapeutics.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and optimal timing for antiviral and immunomodulatory agents.

Main Results:

  • Antivirals (e.g., remdesivir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) are most effective early and in less severe disease.
  • Immunomodulators (e.g., dexamethasone, IL-6/JAK inhibitors) are crucial for severe and critical illness.
  • Monoclonal antibodies have diminished utility due to viral variants; convalescent plasma lacks consensus.
  • Antithrombotic therapy has a limited role despite increased venous thromboembolism risk in COVID-19.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 treatment is dynamic, with distinct roles for antivirals and immunomodulators based on disease severity.
  • Ongoing research into investigational agents promises to further refine treatment paradigms.