HIV-Associated Rheumatic Diseases: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Virology
• Rheumatology

Background:

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global health concern, historically associated with opportunistic infections due to immune deficiency.
• Beyond opportunistic infections, HIV is increasingly recognized for its association with diverse autoimmune manifestations.
• The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved immune function in HIV patients, paradoxically leading to the emergence or exacerbation of immune-mediated diseases.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes current literature on the complex relationship between HIV infection and autoimmune diseases.
• It details the spectrum of autoimmune conditions observed in the context of HIV.
• The review also examines the impact of targeted antiretroviral therapies on these immune-mediated diseases.

Key Points:

• HIV infection can trigger or exacerbate a range of autoimmune disorders.
• Restoration of immune function through HAART can unmask or worsen pre-existing autoimmune conditions.
• Understanding the interplay between HIV, immunity, and autoimmunity is crucial for comprehensive patient care.

Conclusions:

• Autoimmune diseases represent a significant clinical challenge in the management of HIV-infected individuals.
• Targeted antiretroviral therapies, while essential for HIV control, necessitate vigilant monitoring for autoimmune complications.
• Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms driving autoimmunity in HIV and to optimize treatment strategies.