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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Encapsulation in Charged Droplets Generates Distorted Host-Guest Complexes.

Daniel L Stares1, Agnieszka Szumna2, Christoph A Schalley1

  • 1Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195, Berlin, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|September 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Resorcinarene capsules bind long guests in charged droplets via electrospray ionization (ESI), overcoming solution limitations. These strained, "spring-loaded" complexes form due to enhanced non-covalent interactions in the gas-phase.

Keywords:
charged dropletselectrospray ionisationhost-guest systemsmass spectrometryresorcinarenes

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen-bonded resorcinarene capsules are known host molecules.
  • α,ω-alkylbisDABCOnium (DnD) guests are cationic organic molecules.
  • Host-guest chemistry in solution is often limited by competing interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the encapsulation of DnD guests by resorcinarene capsules.
  • To explore host-guest complex formation in the gas-phase via electrospray ionization (ESI).
  • To determine the binding modes and stability of these complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry.
  • Collision-induced dissociation (CID) and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange.
  • Ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and computational modeling.

Main Results:

  • Encapsulation of DnD guests by resorcinarene capsules was achieved in charged ESI droplets, not in solution.
  • Even overly long guests were encapsulated, requiring significant guest and host distortions.
  • Complexes adopted horseshoe-like guest conformations to optimize cation-π interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Gas-phase encapsulation in ESI droplets circumvents solution-phase limitations like ion-pairing.
  • Strained, "spring-loaded" host-guest complexes are stabilized by enhanced non-covalent interactions in the absence of solvent.
  • ESI-generated charged droplets provide a unique environment for studying challenging supramolecular assemblies.