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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Quantum information science
  • Foundations of quantum mechanics

Background:

  • Quantum theory permits scenarios with indefinite operational order.
  • Previous experiments demonstrated indefinite causal order using the quantum switch, but required device-dependent assumptions.
  • Device-independent certification, akin to Bell inequality tests, was previously shown to be impossible for isolated quantum switches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of device-independent certification of indefinite causal order in quantum switch scenarios.
  • To develop a method for certifying quantum phenomena without relying on assumptions about the internal workings of experimental devices.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a novel inequality tailored for the quantum switch.
  • Inclusion of a spacelike-separated observer to the experimental setup.
  • Formulation of an assumption precluding superluminal and retrocausal influences.

Main Results:

  • A new inequality has been derived that enables device-independent certification of indefinite causal order.
  • The certification is achieved in the presence of an additional spacelike-separated observer.
  • The method relies on the assumption that superluminal and retrocausal influences are impossible.

Conclusions:

  • Device-independent certification of indefinite causal order in quantum switch experiments is achievable.
  • This work extends the paradigm of device-independent verification to causal structures in quantum mechanics.
  • The findings pave the way for more robust and trustworthy demonstrations of quantum phenomena.