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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:

Motional Emf

Motional Emf

Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Published on: January 21, 2016

Topologically driven linear magnetoresistance in helimagnetic FeP.

D J Campbell^1,2, J Collini^1,3, J Sławińska^4,5

¹Maryland Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.

NPJ Quantum Information

|September 21, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Iron phosphide (FeP) exhibits a massive, linear magnetoresistance when a magnetic field is applied along its c-axis. This behavior is linked to a unique semi-Dirac point in its electronic band structure.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Solid-State Physics

Background:

Iron phosphide (FeP) belongs to the MnP-type structure family of binary pnictides.
These materials possess a nonsymmorphic crystal symmetry, maintaining band structure features across elemental variations.
FeP shares magnetic ordering similarities with CrAs and MnP, which exhibit pressure-induced superconductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the high magnetic field behavior of FeP single crystals.
Characterize the magnetoresistance and its field dependence.
Explore the relationship between electronic band structure and observed phenomena.

Main Methods:

High magnetic field experiments on high-quality FeP single crystals.
Resistance measurements up to 35 Tesla.
Quantum oscillation frequency analysis.
Comparison with electronic structure calculations.

Main Results:

Resistance increases by several hundred times its zero-field value at 35 T.
Anomalously linear field dependence of resistance observed with field along the c-axis.
Quantum oscillations linked to a semi-Dirac point in the band structure.
Magnetoresistance amplitude and linearity arise from distinct mechanisms.

Conclusions:

The linear magnetoresistance in FeP is strongly dependent on magnetic field orientation.
A semi-Dirac point, a symmetry-protected band structure feature, is identified.
Ordered magnetism and topological band structure contribute to the observed linear magnetoresistance.