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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Microbial ecology
  • Symbiotic interactions

Background:

  • Sponge microbiomes are crucial for nutrient cycling in nutrient-limited marine environments.
  • Genomic data suggest key microbial roles in carbohydrate degradation, carbon fixation, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and B-vitamin synthesis.
  • Limited experimental validation exists for predicted microbial functions within sponge holobionts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate metagenomic predictions of sponge microbiome functions using metatranscriptomics.
  • To investigate the active metabolic roles of symbionts in three coral reef sponge species.
  • To compare gene expression profiles with genomic potential for nutrient cycling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from three sponge species: Ircinia ramosa, Ircinia microconulosa, and Phyllospongia foliascens.
  • Analysis of gene expression for carbohydrate active enzymes, carbon fixation, nitrogen metabolism (nitrification, denitrification), sulfur compound transformations, and B-vitamin synthesis and transport.
  • Comparison of metatranscriptomic data with existing metagenomic data to infer microbial activity.

Main Results:

  • Expression of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes by Poribacteria, Bacteroidota, and Cyanobacteria symbionts, indicating dissolved organic matter assimilation.
  • Widespread expression of carbon fixation and sulfur metabolism pathways across all studied sponges.
  • Predominance of anaerobic nitrogen metabolism (denitrification, nitrate reduction) over aerobic nitrification, with nitrification observed only in I. ramosa.
  • Common expression of B-vitamin biosynthetic pathways, but limited expression of associated transporter genes.

Conclusions:

  • Metatranscriptomics provides crucial validation and reveals disparities compared to metagenomic predictions of sponge microbiome functions.
  • Microbial symbionts actively contribute to nutrient cycling, including carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and B-vitamins, supporting sponge host health.
  • New microbial taxa involved in nutrient exchange and sponge symbiosis were identified.