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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

4.8K
The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

12.5K
Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...
12.5K
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

23
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
23
Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

109.3K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves
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Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

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Multiscale structure and function of the aortic valve apparatus.

Hussam El-Nashar1,2, Malak Sabry1,3, Yuan-Tsan Tseng4,5

  • 1Aswan Heart Research Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Cairo, Egypt.

Physiological Reviews
|September 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The aortic valve apparatus (AVA) functions as an integrated unit with surrounding structures. Understanding this complex interplay across multiple scales is key to treating AVA diseases and maintaining cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
aortic rootaortic valvebiomechanicsmolecular, developmental and cellular mechanismsstructure-function relationships

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Multiscale Modeling

Background:

  • Isolated aortic valve study has advanced treatments.
  • The aortic valve apparatus (AVA) involves dynamic interplay with surrounding structures.
  • AVA is crucial for unidirectional flow, coronary perfusion, and ventricular support.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the integrated function of the aortic valve apparatus (AVA).
  • To explore multiscale phenomena underlying AVA functions.
  • To discuss tools and pathologies related to AVA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of medical imaging modalities.
  • Overview of experimental investigation methods.
  • Inclusion of computational modeling, specifically fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations.

Main Results:

  • The AVA functions as an integrated unit.
  • Coupling of the aortic valve, root, and outflow tract is vital.
  • Multiscale phenomena (molecular to tissue) govern AVA function and disease.

Conclusions:

  • Viewing the AVA as an integrated functional unit is essential.
  • Understanding multiscale phenomena is crucial for comprehending AVA function and disease.
  • Further research is needed to address unanswered questions in AVA biology and mechanics.