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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Repetitive DNA regulates gene expression.

Thomas E Kuhlman1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Short tandem repeats (STRs) influence gene activity by interacting with regulatory proteins. These DNA sequences play a crucial role in gene regulation.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Short tandem repeats (STRs) are repetitive DNA sequences.
  • The functional role of STRs in gene regulation is not fully understood.
  • Regulatory proteins are key components in controlling gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of short tandem repeats on gene expression.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which STRs affect gene activity.
  • To identify the role of regulatory protein binding in STR-mediated gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA sequences containing short tandem repeats.
  • Gene expression assays.
  • Protein-DNA binding experiments.

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Main Results:

  • Short tandem repeats were found to directly influence gene expression levels.
  • Binding of specific regulatory proteins to STRs was observed.
  • This binding correlates with altered gene expression patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Short tandem repeats are functional elements that modulate gene expression.
  • Regulatory protein interactions with STRs are a key mechanism for this modulation.
  • STRs represent a significant factor in the epigenetic landscape and gene regulation.