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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus
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Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

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S. aureus virulence factors decrease epithelial barrier function and increase susceptibility to viral infection.

Mary C Moran1,2, Matthew G Brewer1, Patrick M Schlievert3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York, USA.

Microbiology Spectrum
|September 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors, like SEIQ, increase skin cell susceptibility to viral infections by disrupting the skin barrier and impairing keratinocyte differentiation, contributing to infections in atopic dermatitis. This highlights SEIQ

Keywords:
CD40SElQStaphylococcus aureusUSA300atopic dermatitisbarrier functionkeratinocytessuperantigensvaccinia virusviral infection

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) exhibit high colonization rates of *Staphylococcus aureus* and increased susceptibility to severe viral infections.
  • *S. aureus* secreted virulence factors are hypothesized to compromise keratinocyte biology, leading to enhanced viral susceptibility through skin barrier disruption, impaired differentiation, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of *S. aureus* virulence factors in altering keratinocyte biology and increasing susceptibility to viral infections.
  • To identify specific virulence factors responsible for these effects and elucidate potential mechanisms, including the role of SEIQ and CD40.

Main Methods:

  • Human keratinocytes were exposed to conditioned media from various *S. aureus* strains (USA300, HG003, RN4220) or purified virulence factors.
  • Assessed keratinocyte susceptibility to vaccinia virus infection, barrier function, and differentiation markers (qPCR).
  • Utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out CD40 in keratinocytes to evaluate its role in SEIQ-mediated responses.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to USA300 conditioned media or purified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like Q (SEIQ) significantly increased keratinocyte susceptibility to vaccinia virus infection.
  • SEIQ significantly decreased skin barrier function and altered keratinocyte differentiation.
  • CD40 knockout on keratinocytes did not abolish SEIQ-mediated proinflammatory cytokine expression or barrier function impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Specific *S. aureus* virulence factors, particularly SEIQ, enhance epidermal cell susceptibility to viral infections.
  • SEIQ contributes to compromised skin barrier function and altered keratinocyte differentiation, potentially explaining increased cutaneous viral infections in atopic dermatitis.
  • CD40 is not essential for SEIQ's effects on keratinocytes, suggesting alternative receptors mediate its actions.