Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

2.6K
Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
2.6K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

19.3K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
19.3K
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

18.3K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
18.3K
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

7.9K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
7.9K
Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

89.2K
Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible...
89.2K
Conserved Binding Sites01:49

Conserved Binding Sites

4.2K
Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
Binding sites are often located in large pockets, and if their location on a protein’s surface is unknown, it can be predicted using various approaches. The energetic method computationally...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

NIH Funding for Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Specialties: Allocation and Alignment with US Disease Burden.

Journal of the American College of Surgeons·2026
Same author

Frailty 1 year after liver transplant is associated with long-term mortality: From the Functional Assessment in Liver Transplantation (FrAILT) Study.

Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society·2026
Same author

The Liver Frailty Index improves mortality risk prediction for GEMA-Na.

Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society·2026
Same author

Erratum: Clinically relevant cut-points for changes in the Liver Frailty Index are associated with waitlist mortality in patients with cirrhosis.

Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society·2026
Same author

Erratum: The Liver Frailty Index enhances mortality risk prediction above and beyond MELD 3.0 alone.

Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society·2026
Same author

Bridging Oceans and Distance: Excellent Long-Term Outcomes in Non-Mainland Kidney Transplantation.

Clinical transplantation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
13:53

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

5.0K

Development of Multivalent Conjugates with a Single Non-Canonical Amino Acid.

Naya K Burrow1, Robert K Gourdie1, Elizabeth A King1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology
|September 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a novel method to create multivalent protein bioconjugates using a single non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) handle. This technique allows for the precise attachment of multiple components to proteins for advanced therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Keywords:
bioconjugationsmultivalent conjugatesnon-canonical amino acidssonogashira

More Related Videos

Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction
11:02

Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction

Published on: September 14, 2018

7.8K
Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

16.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
13:53

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

5.0K
Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction
11:02

Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction

Published on: September 14, 2018

7.8K
Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

16.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Proteins are versatile biomacromolecules with broad applications.
  • Genetic encoding of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) enhances protein functionality.
  • ncAAs serve as unique handles for introducing novel functionalities via bioorthogonal conjugation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of a single ncAA to generate multivalent bioconjugates.
  • To create proteins with two or more additional components attached via a single ncAA handle.
  • To develop a domino approach for controlled protein functionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Genetically encoding p-bromopropargyloxyphenyalanine (pBrPrF) into superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) and ubiquitin.
  • Optimizing a sequential bioconjugation strategy.
  • Employing copper-assisted cycloaddition and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated multivalent bioconjugates by linking two additional molecules to model proteins.
  • Demonstrated the efficacy of pBrPrF as a versatile conjugation handle.
  • Validated a domino approach for sequential functionalization of proteins.

Conclusions:

  • A single ncAA can serve as a handle to create multivalent protein bioconjugates.
  • This domino bioconjugation strategy offers precise control over introducing multiple moieties onto proteins.
  • The developed method has significant potential for applications in therapeutics and diagnostics.