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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Ethics is a philosophical study of moral actions. Ethics attempts to determine what is valuable for individuals and society. It examines the rational justification of moral judgments and analyzes what is morally just, fair, and right. Bioethics is a sub-discipline of applied ethics that analyzes the philosophical, social, and legal issues in life sciences and medicine. Ethical theories serve as a foundation for decision-making and represent the viewpoints from which people seek direction. They...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The Ethics of Cellular Reprogramming.

Anna Smajdor1, Adrian Villalba2,3

  • 1Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Cellular Reprogramming
|September 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The advent of human embryo research and cellular reprogramming raises profound ethical questions. Current legal distinctions between biological entities are insufficient for navigating these complex scientific advancements.

Keywords:
IVFcloningembryoethicsstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Bioethics
  • Reproductive Technology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The birth of Louise Brown in 1978 marked a significant advancement in reproductive technology, enabling human embryos to be created and manipulated outside the body.
  • This capability introduced complex ethical dilemmas concerning embryo research, destruction, and creation for specific purposes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the historical development of cellular reprogramming and its societal and ethical implications.
  • To critically examine the adequacy of existing legal and ethical frameworks in addressing new biological technologies.
  • To discuss future challenges, including synthetic DNA creation and its impact on identity and reproduction.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of cellular reprogramming research.
  • Ethical and legal framework evaluation.
  • Exploration of societal impacts and future scientific trajectories.

Main Results:

  • The study suggests that traditional distinctions used in law and ethics are challenged by cellular reprogramming.
  • Early expectations for embryo research have not been fully met, but ongoing research presents new possibilities.
  • The creation of synthetic DNA poses novel questions about identity, privacy, and reproduction.

Conclusions:

  • Existing ethical and legal approaches based on biological distinctions are inadequate for cellular reprogramming.
  • Ethics can no longer solely rely on biological facts; a new ethical framework is necessary.
  • Future scientific advancements necessitate a re-evaluation of our understanding of life, identity, and reproduction.