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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
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Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

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Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting
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Primary brain tumours in adults.

Martin J van den Bent1, Marjolein Geurts1, Pim J French1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Lancet (London, England)
|September 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Diffuse gliomas are common adult CNS tumors. Advances in molecular diagnostics guide treatment, with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy offering long-term survival for some IDH-mutant cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Tumor Classification

Background:

  • Diffuse gliomas represent the most common primary adult central nervous system (CNS) tumors.
  • Tumor classification increasingly relies on molecular diagnostics, as exemplified by the WHO 2021 CNS tumor classification.
  • Rarer CNS tumor types also exist and necessitate specialized management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of adult-type diffuse glioma treatment.
  • To highlight the role of molecular diagnostics in tumor classification and treatment selection.
  • To discuss emerging research areas and future directions for CNS tumor therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current treatment strategies for adult-type diffuse gliomas.
  • Analysis of the impact of molecular diagnostics on tumor classification and management.
  • Overview of ongoing research into tumor microenvironment and treatment resistance.

Main Results:

  • Surgical resection is a cornerstone treatment for most gliomas, including early intervention for low-grade tumors.
  • Standard care for adult-type diffuse gliomas involves combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy, yielding long-term survival in some IDH-mutant cases.
  • Targeted therapies and immunotherapies currently have limited roles but are areas of active investigation.

Conclusions:

  • While standard treatments improve survival for select glioma patients, novel approaches are needed to overcome treatment resistance.
  • Understanding tumor heterogeneity, the immunosuppressive tumor environment, and microtube networks is crucial for developing new therapies.
  • Tailored treatment strategies in specialized centers are essential for rarer CNS tumors.