Alginate-metal cation interactions: Macromolecular approach

Alginates are a broad family of linear (unbranched) polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds and some bacteria. Despite having only two monomers, i.e. β-d-mannuronate (M) and its C5 epimer α-l-guluronate (G), their blockwise arrangement in oligomannuronate (..MMM..), oligoguluronate (..GGG..), and polyalternating (..MGMG..) blocks endows it with a rather complex interaction pattern with specific counterions and salts. Classic polyelectrolyte theories well apply to alginate as polyanion in the interaction with monovalent and non-gelling divalent cations. The use of divalent gelling ions, such as Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺ or Sr²⁺, provides thermostable homogeneous or heterogeneous hydrogels where the block composition affects both macroscopic and microscopic properties. The mechanism of alginate gelation is still explained in terms of the original egg-box model, although over the years some novel insights have been proposed. In this review we summarize several decades of research related to structure-functionships in alginates in the presence of non-gelling and gelling cations and present some novel applications in the field of self-assembling nanoparticles and use of radionuclides.