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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Protein Engineering – Harnessing Evolution Through PRANCE and Lab Automation
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Phage design and directed evolution to evolve phage for therapy.

Priyancka Arora1, Avni Jain1, Ajay Kumar1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|September 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Phage therapy, using viruses to kill bacteria, is regaining importance due to antibiotic resistance. Direct evolution methods enhance phage efficacy and specificity for treating bacterial infections.

Keywords:
CAVEPACEPhage therapyantibiotic resistancebacterial resistancecontinuous evolutiondirected evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Virology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections, was historically significant but declined with the rise of antibiotics.
  • Increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics has led to a resurgence of interest in phage therapy.
  • Modern advancements in genetic sequencing enable more informed phage selection for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the development of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents against bacterial diseases.
  • To investigate the enhancement of phage efficacy through direct evolution of proteins and nucleic acids.
  • To focus on creating phages with improved target specificity against pathogenic bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) for therapeutic purposes.
  • Employing direct evolution methods to engineer novel biological molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids.
  • Implementing continuous evolution systems with minimal human intervention for protein and gene improvement.
  • Leveraging genetic sequencing for informed phage selection and development.

Main Results:

  • Direct evolution can create new biological molecules with enhanced or novel activities, such as improved target specificity.
  • Engineered proteins can exhibit new catalytic properties, and nucleic acids can be designed to recognize specific pathogenic bacteria.
  • Continuous directed evolution systems, while effective, require significant time and resources.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophage therapy is a promising alternative or adjunct to antibiotics, particularly against resistant bacterial strains.
  • Direct evolution techniques offer powerful tools for optimizing bacteriophages as targeted antimicrobial agents.
  • Further development in directed evolution holds potential for creating highly specific and effective phage-based treatments for bacterial diseases.