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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment

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Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation.

Christoph Zrenner¹, Ulf Ziemann²

¹Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Biological Psychiatry

|September 24, 2023

Summary

Brain state-dependent stimulation, using real-time electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), offers a new approach to modify brain circuits. This closed-loop method promises more effective treatments for neurological disorders than fixed protocols.

Keywords:

Brain state Closed-loop stimulation EEG Real-time TMS

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurotechnology
Computational Psychiatry

Background:

Traditional brain stimulation uses fixed protocols, ignoring the brain's dynamic state.
Recent advances allow real-time prediction of brain states using electroencephalography (EEG).

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence for brain state-dependent stimulation in humans.
To discuss the potential of EEG-informed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treating brain disorders.
To explore the shift from open-loop to closed-loop brain stimulation.

Main Methods:

Utilizing feedforward algorithms on EEG time-series data for millisecond-precision brain state prediction.
Applying EEG-informed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to target specific brain states.
Surveying preclinical and systems-level human cortical evidence.

Main Results:

Preclinical studies demonstrate lasting circuit modification (e.g., long-term potentiation) via state-specific stimulation.
Evidence suggests this approach is feasible at the human cortical level.
Real-time EEG-TMS allows for recording stimulation effects, enabling adaptive protocols.

Conclusions:

Brain state-dependent stimulation represents a paradigm shift towards more personalized and effective neuromodulation.
Closed-loop systems offer enhanced potential for modifying pathological brain networks, such as in major depressive disorder.
Future research should focus on optimizing these adaptive stimulation strategies for maximal therapeutic benefit.