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Related Concept Videos

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers
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Stomatal aperture dynamics coupling mechanically passive and ionically active mechanisms.

Xue Cong1, Sien Li2,3, Dan Hu1

  • 1School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MOE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Plant, Cell & Environment
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study presents an integrated model for plant stomatal dynamics, explaining how stomata balance water loss and carbon dioxide uptake. The model simulates stomatal aperture based on guard and subsidiary cell turgor, ion content, and water potential.

Keywords:
aperturepotassium fluxstomata dynamicsturgor pressurewater potential

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Stomata regulate gas exchange (CO2 uptake and H2O transpiration) crucial for plant survival.
  • Understanding stomatal dynamics is key to plant adaptability, yet current theories are fragmented.
  • Guard cells and subsidiary cells play vital roles in stomatal regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated model for seed plant stomatal dynamics.
  • To unify existing experimental findings on stomatal regulation.
  • To provide a predictive tool for stomatal responses to environmental changes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a three-part integrated model: passive mechanical, active regulation, and dynamical ion/water movement.
  • Modeled stomatal aperture as a function of guard and subsidiary cell turgor.
  • Incorporated guard cell ion content and water potential into an active regulation model.

Main Results:

  • The model semi-quantitatively reproduces numerous experimental phenomena related to stomatal behavior.
  • The model integrates passive mechanics, active ion regulation, and water dynamics.
  • Accurate parameterization allows for prediction of stomatal responses.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated model offers a unified framework for understanding stomatal regulation.
  • This model can predict plant responses to environmental stimuli.
  • It advances the understanding of the crucial link between photosynthesis and transpiration.