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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Electrically Tunable Nonlinearity at 3.2 Terahertz in Single-Layer Graphene.

Alessandra Di Gaspare1, Osman Balci2, Jincan Zhang2

  • 1NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy.

ACS Photonics
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Graphene exhibits strong terahertz (THz) nonlinearity, enabling efficient third harmonic generation. Researchers controlled this nonlinearity using an ionic liquid gate, paving the way for novel THz light generation technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Graphene possesses a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) in the terahertz (THz) range, significantly exceeding conventional materials like GaAs and lithium niobate.
  • This intrinsic nonlinearity, coupled with ultrafast carrier dynamics, is crucial for third harmonic generation (THG) in the sub-THz and low THz frequencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the controlled enhancement of graphene's nonlinear optical properties in the THz range.
  • To explore the potential of gating-induced Fermi energy shifts in modulating THz nonlinearity for light generation applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized monochromatic, high peak power (1.8 W) THz signals from a quantum cascade laser.
  • Employed an ionic liquid gate to tune the graphene Fermi energy (EF) up to >1.2 eV.
  • Conducted pump-and-probe experiments to analyze nonlinear absorption at 3.2 THz.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated intense absorption nonlinearity at 3.2 THz, with a significant 3rd-order contribution observed for EF > 0.7 eV.
  • Showcased the tunability of graphene's THz nonlinearity via electrostatic gating.
  • Confirmed efficient THG in graphene at room temperature with moderate fields.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene's tunable THz nonlinearity, controlled by ionic liquid gating, offers a promising route for novel THz light sources.
  • The findings open avenues for engineering advanced optoelectronic devices operating at frequencies exceeding 9 THz.