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Related Concept Videos

Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

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EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Administering Oxygen by Mask01:30

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Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask01:26

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The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
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Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects
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Does equipoise exist for masking children for COVID-19?

Tracy Beth Høeg1,2, Sebastián González-Dambrauskas3,4, Vinay Prasad1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, USA.

Public Health in Practice (Oxford, England)
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Genuine uncertainty persists regarding the effectiveness of masking children for COVID-19, challenging claims of no need for further randomized controlled trials. Evidence remains insufficient to establish medical ethics for this intervention.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Medical Ethics

Background:

  • Clinical equipoise signifies genuine medical uncertainty about an intervention's effectiveness.
  • It often necessitates high-quality evidence, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), before an intervention is deemed effective.
  • A US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention official stated in February 2023 that RCTs for child masking were unnecessary due to overwhelming evidence of benefit, asserting no remaining equipoise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concept of clinical equipoise using child masking as a specific example.
  • To present arguments for the continued existence of equipoise regarding masking children for COVID-19.
  • To differentiate clinical equipoise from ethical appropriateness in medical recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on clinical equipoise.
  • Analysis of evidence related to child masking for COVID-19.
  • Conceptual differentiation between equipoise and ethical considerations.

Main Results:

  • Reasons for ongoing equipoise in child masking include lack of expert consensus, contradictory evidence, and recent/ongoing RCTs.
  • The study argues against the assertion that equipoise no longer exists for child masking.
  • Lack of demonstrated net benefit complicates the ethical justification for recommending child masking.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical equipoise regarding the effectiveness of masking children for COVID-19 persists.
  • Despite the assertion of no need for further trials, significant uncertainty remains.
  • Recommending child masking may not be medically ethical due to insufficient evidence of net benefit.