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The relation between effortful control and executive function training in preschoolers.

Peiqi Dong1, Wei Li1, Qiong Hu1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.

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|September 25, 2023
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Executive function (EF) training benefits children, especially those with higher effortful control. Individual differences in this temperamental trait significantly impact cognitive training gains and long-term outcomes.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) malleability is debated, with inconsistent transfer effects from training.
  • Individual differences, particularly temperamental traits, may explain varying training outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of effortful control on executive function training outcomes in preschoolers.
  • To determine if effortful control moderates working memory and inhibitory control training benefits.

Main Methods:

  • 79 preschoolers were assigned to working memory (WM) training, inhibitory control (IC) training, or a control group.
  • Parent ratings identified children with higher or lower effortful control.
  • Assessments were conducted at baseline, posttest (1 week), and follow-up (3 months).

Main Results:

  • Both WM and IC training improved trained and untrained measures compared to controls.
  • Higher effortful control correlated with better baseline EF, greater training gains, and improved transfer.
  • Effortful control positively predicted WM transfer and fluid intelligence post-training.

Conclusions:

  • Effortful control is a key individual difference influencing EF training effectiveness.
  • Cognitive training benefits are moderated by temperamental traits.
  • Individualized cognitive training programs incorporating effortful control can optimize child development.