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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

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Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Evaluating the Electrochemical Properties of Supercapacitors using the Three-Electrode System

Evaluating the Electrochemical Properties of Supercapacitors using the Three-Electrode System

Published on: January 7, 2022

3D-Printed river-type thick carbon electrodes for docking possible practical application-level capacitive

Mingxing Shi¹, Keren Lu¹, Huijuan Jia¹

¹School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.

The Science of the Total Environment

|September 25, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

3D-printed thick carbon electrodes significantly improve capacitive deionization (CDI) performance. River-type electrodes offer higher salt adsorption capacity and faster equilibrium than traditional bulk-type electrodes for practical water desalination.

Keywords:

3D-Printing Capacitive deionization Electrode channel Porous carbon Thick electrodes

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Environmental Engineering

Background:

Capacitive deionization (CDI) faces challenges in practical application due to low carbon mass loading and performance imbalance in traditional electrodes.
Thick bulk-type (BT) carbon electrodes exhibit limited active sites, hindering efficient salt removal.
Developing novel electrode structures is crucial to overcome these limitations in CDI technology.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the feasibility of 3D-printed thick carbon electrodes for enhanced CDI desalination.
To compare the performance of 3D-printed river-type (RT) electrodes against traditional BT electrodes.
To explore the impact of electrode structure and mass loading on salt adsorption capacity (SAC).

Main Methods:

Fabrication of 3D-printed thick carbon electrodes with a river-type (RT) structure.
Performance evaluation of RT and BT electrodes in CDI desalination under varying mass loadings (3-45 mg/cm²).
Analysis of salt adsorption capacity (SAC), equilibrium time, and electrode properties.
Utilized COMSOL simulation to reveal the influence mechanism of electrode channel structure.

Main Results:

BT electrodes showed a significant SAC drop with increasing mass loading.
RT electrodes achieved a superior SAC of 10.67 mg/g, a 54.1% increase compared to BT electrodes at 30 mg/cm².
RT electrodes reached equilibrium SAC 44 minutes faster than BT electrodes (12 min vs. 44 min).
RT electrodes maintained a notable SAC of 7.13 mg/g even at an ultrahigh mass loading of 45 mg/cm².

Conclusions:

3D-printed RT electrodes demonstrate superior performance and faster kinetics for CDI desalination.
This 3D printing strategy offers a promising pathway for practical, high-performance CDI applications.
Optimized carbon materials with specific pore structures, high capacitance, and low resistance are key for advanced CDI electrodes.