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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The Nucleosome02:33

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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Site Specific Lysine Acetylation of Histones for Nucleosome Reconstitution using Genetic Code Expansion in Escherichia coli
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The NPAC-LSD2 complex in nucleosome demethylation.

Jonatan Caroli1, Andrea Mattevi1

  • 1Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.

The Enzymes
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear protein associated with cell cycle (NPAC) is a transcriptional co-activator essential for RNA polymerase progression. It organizes epigenetic activities, facilitating transcription elongation by interacting with histone modifiers.

Keywords:
ChromatinEpigenetic markLSD2NPACTranscriptional elongation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Nuclear protein associated with cell cycle (NPAC) is a transcriptional co-activator linked to H3K36me3 epigenetic marks.
  • NPAC is crucial for RNA polymerase progression and gene transcription, with its depletion leading to downregulation.

Conclusions:

  • NPAC functions as a scaffolding factor, organizing epigenetic modifications for optimal transcription elongation.
  • NPAC integrates distinct protein domains to facilitate RNA polymerase progression and regulate gene expression.